“I skate to where the puck is going to be, not where it has been.” – Wayne Gretzky
One of the most important skills that you can develop as an investor is the ability to think differently. This is a broad topic with many interpretations. I often talk about thinking differently here at BHI. When it comes to general philosophy or “investment theory” (as opposed to thinking about individual stock investments), I spend more time thinking about this topic than any other. In short, I’m referring to the ability to think in a contrarian manner.
Contrarian Thinking over Contrarian Acting
But, I’m not talking about being a contrarian in the usual sense… i.e. buying stocks at new lows, buying what others hate, etc… This type of contrarian behavior typically revolves around current price and/or sentiment. When applied as part of more important inputs (namely valuation, quality, etc…), there is nothing wrong with this contrarian behavior. I often look at stocks that contrarians are interested in.
But simply buying stocks that have dropped a lot or buying stocks that others don’t like are not prudent ways to invest.
As Ben Graham says:
“You are neither right nor wrong because the crowd disagrees with you. You are right because your data and reasoning are right.”
So contrarian action is often a common denominator in successful long term investment results. But what I’m talking about is a bigger, broader definition of contrarianism. I’m referring to the ability to think differently (not just act differently).
Do You Need to Know Something the Market Doesn’t?
Geoff Gannon wrote a fantastic post recently called “Do You Need to Know Something the Market Doesn’t?“. I thought he really hit the nail on the head. Geoff is a unique and independent thinker, and I recommend reading that post in its entirety. In it, he basically states that he doesn’t necessarily feel he has much of an informational advantage over the market (i.e. the majority of other market participants).
For example, he uses the same data the analysts use when doing their valuation work. All the historical data is already known. Everyone knows what the prior year’s earnings, sales, margins, etc have been… Next year’s numbers are unknown, but many, many smart people make very good estimates on where those numbers will end up.
Geoff goes on to say that in addition to not really feeling he has an informational advantage regarding current or next year’s numbers, he also doesn’t feel he adds much value when it comes to explaining why a stock is cheap, when to sell, how to position size, and other very important strategic and tactical facets of investing.
It’s Not the Info That Matters, It’s the Way You Think About It
So if there is no informational advantage over the market, and there isn’t much value to be added in portfolio management or other strategic aspects of investing, how does one go about trying to achieve superior returns?
The answer according to Geoff (and I agree with him) is his ability to think in a completely different way than most market participants think. He talks about looking out to try and determine what will happen in “year 4”. Most market participants focus on the next year. Some might focus on 2-3 years out. Hardly anyone looks out to year 4.
Joel Greenblatt often talked about this as one of the main reasons (in addition to superior portfolio management tactics) he was able to achieve 40% returns for 20 years.
So simply extending the time frame is one way to gain a major advantage. Instead of focusing on how the current news will affect the company in the next year or two, try to visualize what will happen in year four. Buffett even took it beyond that saying that before he bought any stock, he closed his eyes and tried to visualize what the company would look like in ten years.
No one does that. Or I should say… no average investor (professionals included) does that. A very, very select few do. And often times this is a common denominator among the small group who have crushed the market averages over the long term.
Look where no one else is looking. “Go where the puck is going to be”, not where it is now (which is where everyone is looking).
What Metrics Matter? Think Differently…
So changing the time frame is one way to build an edge. Another is to begin to place importance on things that no one else cares about. For instance, Coke is a case study that you can learn many things from. Buffett and Munger both shocked the value investing world when they paid 15 times earnings for an established, large cap, well-known brand name with virtually no tangible asset protection. This Coke investment in the late 80’s exemplified the art of thinking differently.
I’m not suggesting that you should arbitrarily begin paying high multiples for good businesses. I’m just suggesting that you can learn something by studying the thought process that Buffett and Munger used to make their Coke investment.
A while back I wrote a post on Pabrai’s thoughts on why Buffett bought Coke. He and Munger didn’t think about current earnings, or next year’s earnings. They thought about things like:
- Brand replacement value (estimated at five times the then market value)
- Volume of syrup shipped in the year 2000, 2025, 2050 (remember, they did this analysis in the late 80’s)
- Daily per capita consumption of bottled beverages
- Price per eight ounce serving
Not exactly the typical metrics. No multiples, no margins, no forward year estimates…
As Mohnish Pabrai said in his book:
The typical hammer-wielding Wall Street analyst is fixated on the next few quarters, not the next half century when trying to figure out any given company. No Wall Street analyst’s mental model of Coke in 1988 was comprised of the latticework that Munger and Buffett fixated upon.
One more thing about Coke… Please read Charlie Munger’s thesis on How to Turn $2 million into $2 trillion (who one outstanding fund manager called the best investment writeup he’s ever seen).
Again, you’ll find lots of unique, inverted thinking.
Munger and Buffett thought differently. This is how they were able to make 10 times their money on Coke. This is how Buffett made 50% per year, and guaranteed he could do it again if he could only go back to managing a smaller sum.
It All Comes Down to Thinking Like a Business Owner
Last thing… I love simplicity (as I’ve mentioned many times). The simple conclusion here — the moral of the story so to speak — is that Buffett and Munger thought about stocks the same way businessmen think about the businesses they buy/own. I know, this is ubiquitous language… “think about stocks like fractions of businesses”. Everyone says it. But, hardly anyone actually invests this way.
I guarantee the vast majority of investors who were fortunate enough to buy Coke in the 80’s were not thinking the way Buffett and Munger were. Buffett was thinking years, even decades ahead. Like a business owner.
It paid off… and it’s a way to gain an advantage over the vast majority of market participants who think about things like relative value, what another investor will pay in a year or two, or what next year’s earnings are.
To sum it up… two things that can establish a true contrarian advantage are:
- Extend the time frame (via Geoff Gannon’s outstanding post)
- Place importance on things that others aren’t thinking about
These are just two things… there are countless of other ways to think about investments.
The main thing is to Think Differently. Think like a business owner would. Simple, but uncommon.
Have a great weekend…